Teachers rate every student on two short scales — externalizing behavior, the kind that earns referrals, and internalizing behavior, the kind that does not. Scores sort students into three tiers: no indication of concern, slightly elevated, elevated. The point is the second scale: a withdrawn student generates no discipline record, so a district running on referral data alone never sees them until something breaks. Screening the whole roster twice a year is the cheapest way to find them while there is still a year left to help.