Everything above is built from a peer comparison. For each program we look at all 180 Georgia districts, fit a trend line of how participation rises with the share of low-income students, and measure how far each district sits from that line. Below are the underlying charts, the size-neutral distance score (z-score), and definitions.
Why EIP & REP get a dollar — and SpEd & Gifted don't
EIP and REP are eligibility/formula programs: under-identifying eligible students leaves capturable funding on the table, so a dollar estimate vs. peers is actionable. SpEd and Gifted identification varies so much between districts that a dollar headline would invite an argument about practice rather than a productive conversation — so those are shown directionally only.
SpEd actually has the strongest statistical fit; softening it is a deliberate communications choice.
The dollar range (conservative → peer-average)
For each program we regress every district's actual participation rate on % from low-income families across all 180 districts; the fitted line is the peer-expected rate. The top end of the range is the full gap to that line × the statewide $/funded-student; the conservative floor is the smaller gap left after a district climbs out of the bottom of the normal range. Districts that aren't outliers collapse to a ~$0 floor and show "up to $X."
Floor = top × max(0, 1 − 1/|z|). At z = −1.3 the floor is ≈ 23% of the top; at z = −2, ≈ 50%.
Z-score (the distance measure)
How far a district sits from the peer line, in standard deviations — size-neutral, so big and small districts compare fairly. We flag a program for review when z ≤ −1.0.
z = −1.2 means meaningfully below peers given demographics.
Below peers ≠ money owed
The peer line is just the average; half of districts fall below it by construction. A gap is a question to investigate — it may reflect lower need, different (compliant) identification, or local policy — not automatically lost revenue.
Treat every figure as a starting hypothesis for a conversation.
Funded students vs. enrollment
Enrollment is an October headcount; the funded count is weighted and annualized. They never match exactly — small gaps are normal.
Shown as two lines, not a ratio.
Context, not the gap
Poverty and academic-need figures are shown alongside the comparison to inform the conversation — they are not used to compute the gap, which is purely a relative-position measure.
Low-income share